TRANSLATION, ADAPTATION, AND PSYCHOMETRIC VALIDATION OF MUSCLE APPEARANCE SATISFACTION SCALE

Abstract

Objectives: The study designed to translate, adapt, and psychometrically validate the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) into the Urdu language for use among male bodybuilders of Pakistan.

Design of study: Correlational research design.

Place and duration of study: March 2022 - August 2023, Rawalpindi-Pakistan.

Sample and method: 150 male bodybuilders of age 14 to 42 years (M=26.58, SD=5.11) participated through purposive sampling method.

Results and conclusion: The Urdu version of MASS showed acceptable reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from .73 to .78 for the subscales and .81 for the total scale. Test–retest reliability was significant (r = .76 - .83) and the cross-language validity indicated strong correlations between the original, forward, and backward versions. Subscales also showed significant associations, including a negative correlation between Bodybuilding Dependence and Muscle Satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a five-factor structure, with loadings ranging from .69 to .78 across all sub-scales, supporting the construct validity of the Urdu Mass. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the five-factor model, χ² (142) = 268.42, χ²/df = 1.89, CFI = .94, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .05, while the one-factor model demonstrated poor fit, χ² (152) = 612.15, χ²/df = 4.03, CFI = .71, TLI = .68, RMSEA = .14, SRMR = .11. Hence, the MASS-U has been found a suitable tool for Pakistani population.